SERIES: NAVIGATING CARBON DIOXIDE PLUME FLOW IN THE SUBSURFACE, A RESERVOIR ENGINEER’S PERSPECTIVE.

Article 2: Deciphering the Supercritical State of CO₂

One commonly misunderstood aspect of CO₂ storage revolves around the behaviour of CO₂ under subsurface conditions. Unlike our typical understanding of CO₂ as a gas, at depths below ~800 meters and dependent on the pressure and temperature regime, CO₂ exists as a liquid or a denser supercritical fluid. This phase is unfamiliar to many of us based on our experiences at the Earth’s surface. To put it simply, dense-phase CO₂ exhibits a gas-like viscosity (around 0.06-0.07 centipoise) but has a fluid-like density (500-800 kg/m³). This unique substance behaves differently from methane in a gas reservoir, necessitating adjustments to traditional gas-reservoir engineering assumptions when analysing injection and storage processes. The interfacial tension between olive oil and water at surface conditions closely resembles that of CO₂ and brine under subsurface conditions, making it an apt analogy for understanding dense-phase CO₂, Figure 1.

The phase diagram of CO₂, depicted in Figure 2, illustrates surface and subsurface conditions at CCS projects like Sleipner and Snøhvit, as well as typical conditions during CO₂ transport to the wellhead. Both Sleipner and Snøhvit operate within the liquid to dense phase region, with Sleipner approaching two-phase conditions and the critical point in parts of the injection well.

A crucial aspect of CO₂ storage projects is the significant temperature dependence of CO₂ density, especially near the critical point. At Sleipner, where storage occurs within the 800-1000m deep Utsira sandstone, CO₂ density varies from approximately 650 kg/m³ at the base to 350 kg/m³ at the top of the formation. In contrast, at the deeper Snøhvit project, where injection takes place at around 2.4 km depth, CO₂ warms considerably once injected into the formation, with temperatures rising towards the formation temperature of around 95°C.

This thermal variation of CO₂ affects the surrounding rock matrix, necessitating assessment of thermal-hydro-mechanical responses in the near-wellbore, reservoir interval, and caprock, and potential well integrity issues.

If we take a few steps back, how CO₂ arrives at the injection site is also an important factor as it is the state in which the CO₂ will be injected into the storage formation. During transport by ship, CO₂ is typically maintained slightly above boiling point, whereas in pipelines it is in liquid phase to prevent two-phase flow and potential slugging. Managing CO₂ phase transitions is crucial for CCS projects, especially considering the effects of minor components. For instance, adding 5% of CH4 in the CO₂ stream shifts the critical point by about 3°C.

Understanding the phase behaviour of CO_2, and the phase changes in different parts of the injection process, is paramount for successful CCS projects, and diverges significantly from gas field operations. This knowledge forms the foundation for managing operational risks and ensuring the efficacy of CO₂ storage initiatives.

Look out for our next blog post where we discuss the fluid dynamics of CO₂, which helps with modelling and prediction.

Benjamin Adillah, Senior Reservoir Engineer

References:

Ringrose, P. (2020). How to store CO₂ underground: Insights from early-mover CCS Projects (SpringBriefs in Earth Sciences, Vol. 129. Cham, Switz: Springer.